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1 Τροίη
Grammatical information: f.Meaning: `the land of Troy; in the Iliad already used for the town, Ilios.Origin: Anat.Etymology: The word is no doubt derived from Τρῶες `Trojans'. That Troia was the land was often remarked (e.g. Page, History a. the Homeric Iliad, 1966, 294). Explicitly Maria del Valle Muñoyerro, Glotta 75 (1999) 68-81. However, she denied that it also indicated the town, which is clearly wrong ( εὐτείχεος, εὔπυργος, εὐρυάγυια, ἐξαλαπάξαι) and unnecessary; the meaning gradually shifted to the town (going to Troy always included to fight for Ilios). - The annals of Tudhaliyas IV from around the end of the 15th c. mention Wilusa ( Ilios) and Taruisa at the end of an expedition to the north. This must be understood as "[the city of] Wilusa and [the land of] Troy." (Thus Mrs. Bachvarova, From Hittite to Homer...2002.) Taruiša must be read [ Truisa]. So the original form was Tru- = Τρω-.Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Τροίη
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2 ἄφενος
Grammatical information: n.Other forms: m. (after πλοῦτος, Fehrle Phil Woch. 46, 700f).Compounds: εὐηφενής (Il.; the better attested v. l. εὐηγενής is hardly correct; Bechtel, Lex.); also in the PN Δι-, Κλε-, Τιμ-αφένης.Derivatives: (with loss of vowel and remarkable final stress) ἀφνειός (Il.), later ἀφνεός `rich' (Il.). From here retrograde ἄφνος n. (Pi. Fr. 219).Etymology: Uncertain. The connection with Skt. ápnas- n. `possessions, riches' (Bréal MSL 13, 382f.; cf. ὄμπνη; also Pisani Ist. Lomb. 73, 515) is now generally rejected (also as * apsnos). - The word was one of the corner stones of the Pelasgian theory, which can now be abandoned (also Heubeck's variant, the Minoan-Minyan language: Praegraeca 70). The agreement with Hitt. happina(nt)- `rich', is remarkable. The postulated verb hap-(zi) is improbable (Puhvel HED 3, 124f). The Hittite word could be IE (Szemerényi Glotta 33, 1954, 275 - 282). Puhvel's h₁op- is impossible ( h₁- disappears in Hittite); but Lat. opulentus \< * op-en-ent- is improbable: - ulentus is a frequent suffix in Latin, and - ant is very productive in Hittite so that it cannot be projected back into PIE; with it disappears the explanation of - ulentus (I also doubt the dissmilation n - nt, with t after the second n; there are other difficulties in the theory, as the author indicated); the - en- has no clear function and is not found elsewhere after op-; thus the connection of opulentus with the Hittite word disappears. - Irene Balles (HS 110, 1997) starts from *n̥-gʷʰn-o-, parallel to - io- in Skt. ághnyā- `(the valuable animal which is) not to be killed'. (She explains the adj., and the accent, from *n̥gʷʰn-es-o- \> ἀφνεό-, with metrical lengthening in Homer). But she has to explain the full grade from analogy after σθένος, which is improbable; the whole construction is not convincing. - The Greek word is rather IE (cf. archaic εὐηφενής). For Greek a root * h₂bʰen- is the obvious reconstruction. The accent and the form ἀφνεός may be explained following Balles: *h₂bʰnes-ó-, with ablaut as in ἄλγος - ἀλεγεινός (metr. lengthening in Homer is probable as *ἀφνεοιο is impossible in the hexameter and *ἀφνεος, -ν etc. are difficult). Thus the word seem perfectly IE. It cannot be connected with the Hittite word (reading *ḫpina- is doubtful). A loan from Anatolian would have κ-, the φ would be unclear, the s-stem, and the adjective.Page in Frisk: 1,195Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > ἄφενος
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3 Ἴλιος
Grammatical information: f.Origin: Anat.Etymology: In a treaty between the Hittite king Muwattalis II (1290-72) and Alaksandu (which is Homer's Alexander) of Wilusa, Wilusiya, a small state in the far north West of Anatolia. First considered by Kretschmer, Glotta 13 (1924) 205-13, it has in recent years been generally accepted that this refers to Schliemann's ruins. See e.g. Latacz, Troia und Homer, 2001, 98-119. There is no agreement on the interpretations of the Greek form Ϝίλιος (as the -s- would normally have been preserved; so this form must come from a variant without -s-); the Ϝ- is certain from Homer. On Troy see s.v. Τροίη (which was originally only the land). - Cf. on Apollon.Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Ἴλιος
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4 Πήγασος
Grammatical information: m.Meaning: name of the mythical horse, that was begot by Poseidon with Medusa (Hes.).Other forms: Dor. Πάγ-.Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]Etymology: Appellat. meaning unknown; so without certain etymology. Morpholog. both with appellatives as πέτασος, κόμπασος as also with endearing names like Ἔλασος, Δάμασος comparable, it can be formally connected with πηγαί, πηγή (Hes. Th. 282, Prellwitz, Bq, Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 451) or with πηγός `firm, strong, powerful' ( ἵππους π. I 124; Kretschmer Glotta 31, 95 ff.). The colour adj. πηγός `white' (also `black'), from which acc. to Malten (s. Wahrmann Glotta 17, 262), Schachermeyr Poseidon (1950) 179, v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 275 Πήγασος sould come (cf. Λεύκιππος), rests on a wrong interpretation of Homer (lit. s. πήγνυμι). -- Pre-Gr. origin is of course well possible; cf. Schwyzer 62 w. lit. It is now agreed upon that Pegasos derived from the first element of pih̯assassi-, an epithet of the Hittite and Luvian Storm-God (Starke Stammbild. 1990, 103-6).Page in Frisk: 2,524-525Greek-English etymological dictionary (Ελληνικά-Αγγλικά ετυμολογική λεξικό) > Πήγασος
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